RESEARCH HUB International Multidisciplinary Research Journal
UGC Guidelines on Peer-Reviewed Journals The RESEARCH HUB International Multidisciplinary Research Journal [RHIMRJ] is an international double blind, peer-reviewed, online journal in English, Hindi and Gujarati languages that provides platform to the academicians and scholars to enrich their expertise in multidisciplinary research areas. The journal offers rigorous peer review (double blind) and fast publication. The RHIMRJ enables the wide dissemination of research articles, review articles, short communications to the global community without restriction. The journal is open access. Title: RESEARCH HUB International Multidisciplinary Research Journal Frequency of Publication: Monthly [12 issues per year] ISSN (Online): 2349-7637 (Online) Peer Review Process: Double Blind Peer Review Process Subject: Multidisciplinary Languages: English/Hindi/Gujarat [Multiple Languages] Accessibility: Open Access Plagiarism Checker: Turnitin (License) Publication Format: Online Contact No.: +91- 99784 40833 Email: editor@rhimrj.co.in Website: https://rhimrj.co.in/ Old website: https://old.rhimrj.co.in/ Address: 15, Kalyan Nagar, Shahpur, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380004 Journal was listed with UGC till 2nd May 2018 with Journal Number 44951 (UGC List)
Regulating Legal Education in India: Role of Authorities in Ensuring Quality and Standards
Legal education is one of the most important parts of the justice system. It prepares students not only to become advocates, but also judges, teachers, researchers, policy makers and responsible citizens. In India, legal education has a special character because it is both an academic course and a professional course. For this reason, more than one authority is involved in its regulation. The Bar Council of India, University Grants Commission, universities, State Bar Councils and courts have important roles in maintaining the quality of legal education. However, the presence of several authorities has also created confusion, overlap and weak implementation in some areas. This article examines the role of these authorities, the statutory framework, the judicial approach and the need for reforms. It argues that the best solution is not conflict between authorities, but proper coordination, transparent inspection, practical training, updated curriculum and stronger accountability.
Embodied Consciousness in Yoga: Re-reading Āsana and Prāṇāyāma through Philosophy of Mind
The rise of embodied cognition and embodied consciousness theories has shifted the focus of modern philosophy of mind to the nature of the connection between the body and the mind. By reinterpreting the Āsana and Prāṇāyāma practices in light of contemporary philosophical discourse on the mind and cognition, this paper delves into the idea of embodied consciousness in Yoga. The research proposes that traditional Yoga teaches a complex awareness of the interdependence of the mind, breath, and body. Yoga teaches that one’s awareness, attention, self-regulation, and subjective experience are shaped by one’s embodied practices rather than by one’s mental processes alone. By analysing Patañjali’s Yoga Sūtra and relevant viewpoints from modern phenomenology, embodied cognition, and philosophy of mind, this paper draws attention to significant similarities between Yogic thought and theories that question the conventional mind-body dualism. Prāṇāyāma, which involves controlling one’s awareness by breathing, and Āsana, which involves being fully present in one’s body, are given particular emphasis. Yoga, the research shows, is multi-faceted, serving as both a spiritual practice and a theoretical framework for understanding the mind and consciousness. Integrating physical being, mental operations, and self-awareness, the article adds to a more comprehensive comprehension of human experience by bringing Yoga into conversation with modern philosophical investigation. It comes to the conclusion that the Yogic understanding of embodied consciousness provides a significant link between traditional wisdom and contemporary philosophical discourse on the topics of mind, embodiment, and consciousness.
Hume’s Bundle Theory Revisited: Self, Identity, and the Problem of the Unified Subject
One of the most central and hotly contested topics in philosophical history is the idea of the self. Because it questions the conventional wisdom about a fixed and unchanging self, David Hume’s Bundle Theory stands out among the competing theories of individual identity. This study takes a fresh look at Hume’s Bundle Theory, this time analysing how it addresses the issues of subject unity, individuality, and self-awareness. According to Hume, we do not have direct experience of a substantial self; instead, our so-called self is nothing more than a collection of ever-evolving perceptions linked by memory, similarity, and causality. By arguing against the idea of an immutable mental substance, Hume provides a new, empirically-based way of looking at individual identity. The research delves into how Bundle Theory clarifies the formation of individual identities via psychological continuity and analyses Hume’s criticism of the substantial self. One of the major objections to Hume’s position, the unified subject problem, is further explored. While critics like Kant and subsequent philosophers acknowledge that Hume does a good job of casting doubt on metaphysical assumptions about selfhood, they also point out that his theory fails to adequately address the question of how multiple perceptions can be felt as belonging to the same conscious subject. The article also assesses how recent advances in cognitive science, comparative philosophy, neuroscience, and philosophy of mind have reshaped current understandings of Bundle Theory. It contends that, flaws and all, Hume’s theory still has much to teach us about the ongoing arguments around questions of subjectivity, identity, and consciousness. An essential framework for modern philosophical investigation, Bundle Theory has stood the test of time because it promotes a dynamic and process-oriented view of the self.
Legal Framework for Forest Protection, Conservation, and Their Implementation at the Grassroots Level in the State of Himachal Pradesh: A Critical Analysis
Forests constitute one of the most valuable natural resources and play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance, conserving biodiversity, regulating climate, and supporting the livelihoods of local communities. Himachal Pradesh, a predominantly mountainous state in the Indian Himalayan region, possesses extensive forest cover and rich biodiversity. The state’s forests are crucial for environmental sustainability, water security, soil conservation, and economic development. However, increasing developmental activities, urbanization, climate change, illegal extraction of forest resources, and pressure from tourism have created significant challenges for forest conservation. In response, a comprehensive legal framework has evolved at the national and state levels to ensure forest protection and sustainable management. This paper critically examines the legal framework governing forest protection and conservation in Himachal Pradesh and evaluates its implementation at the grassroots level. The study analyses constitutional provisions, national forest laws, environmental legislation, judicial interventions, and state-specific regulations. It further explores the role of local institutions such as Panchayati Raj Institutions, Joint Forest Management Committees, Village Forest Development Societies, and community organizations in forest governance. The paper identifies major challenges in implementation, including institutional weaknesses, inadequate community participation, conflicts over forest rights, and administrative constraints. It concludes by proposing policy and legal reforms to strengthen participatory forest governance and sustainable conservation practices in Himachal Pradesh.
Purification and Characterization of Broad-Spectrum Bacteriocin (Fermencin) Produced by Lactobacillus fermentum 28D1
Bacteriocins synthesized by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have increasingly drawn global attention due to their antimicrobial potential, biodegradability, and suitability for food and pharmaceutical applications. This study examines the production kinetics, stability profile, physicochemical characterisation, and purification approach of a broad-spectrum bacteriocin fermencin secreted by Lactobacillus fermentum 28D1. Ammonium sulfate precipitation (60-80%) was applied to crude bacteriocin derived from cell-free supernatant, resulting in a 16.4-fold increase in specific activity. Anion exchange chromatography was used for additional purification, which produced a 69.26-fold purification with a 128% total recovery. Fermencin's molecular weight was calculated by SDS-PAGE analysis to be roughly 8.5 kDa. Enzyme susceptibility studies revealed complete inhibition by proteolytic enzymes, confirming its proteinaceous nature, whereas lipase and catalase exhibited negligible impact. Thermal stability assays demonstrated activity retention from 60°C to 100°C, followed by a decline above autoclaving temperature. PH tolerance was maximal between 4–7 but appreciable activity persisted from pH 2–8. Production kinetics indicated that optimal bacteriocin yield occurred at 35°C and pH 6.5 after 24 h of incubation. The findings demonstrate that fermencin is a thermostable, moderately acid-tolerant peptide with industrial relevance in food preservation, probiotics, and therapeutic applications. This research contributes significantly to bacteriocin biotechnology, specifically highlighting purification efficiency, stability, and optimal fermentation parameters necessary for scale-up and commercialization.
A life-skills program is a crucial, values-based course of study intended to provide learners with usable approaches for choosing actions that are beneficial and supportive of well-being. Through encouraging introspection, this approach helps teenagers assess their own talents, abilities, and growth markers with clear-eyed judgment. It also strengthens social flexibility, helping young people fit within their surroundings and choose options that reflect responsibility toward others. Instead of depending on one-way teaching, life-skills instruction applies active learning techniques, including team-based tasks, idea-generation activities, hands-on enactments, learning games, and organized argumentation. An ordinary lesson flow starts by briefly examining what learners already understand about a chosen situation. Next come student-to-student conversations, practical rehearsal via acted scenarios, and then tailored take-home tasks that prompt learners to use the new abilities with relatives and peers. In the end, this guided, step-by-step coaching format releases natural strengths and steers learners toward socially positive ways of living.
The Concept of Moksha Philosophy and Avatarism in the Teachings of Saint Dariya Sahib of Bihar
The Indian saint tradition has made a significant contribution to the development of spiritual consciousness, social harmony, and humanistic values in medieval Indian society. Among the prominent saints of the Nirguna Bhakti tradition, Saint Dariya Sahib of Bihar occupies a distinctive place. Through his teachings, he opposed religious ostentation, rituals, and orthodox beliefs, while advocating a spiritual way of life based on truth, love, devotion to the true Guru (Sadguru), and self-realization. His literature presents a profound exposition of philosophical concepts such as Brahman, Jiva (soul), Maya, Moksha, Sadguru, Satnam, and Avatarism. Saint Dariya Sahib regarded Moksha as the supreme goal of human life and emphasized that refuge in the Sadguru, self-knowledge, selfless devotion, love, and detachment are essential for its attainment. According to him, Moksha is not merely a state attained after death but can also be experienced during one’s lifetime in the form of Jivan-Mukti (liberation while living). On the other hand, although he belonged to the Nirguna saint tradition, his teachings reveal a distinctive and integrative form of Avatarism. He interpreted avatars such as Rama and Krishna as symbols of the divine light of the Supreme Brahman and provided a spiritual explanation of their significance. Thus, his concept of Avatarism differs from the traditional mythological understanding and assumes a spiritual and philosophical character. Abstract in Hindi Language: भारतीय संत परम्परा ने मध्यकालीन भारतीय समाज में आध्यात्मिक चेतना, सामाजिक समरसता तथा मानवतावादी मूल्यों के विकास में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान दिया है। निर्गुण भक्ति धारा के प्रमुख संतों में बिहार के संत दरिया साहब का विशिष्ट स्थान है। उन्होंने अपनी वाणी के माध्यम से धार्मिक आडम्बरों, कर्मकाण्डों तथा रूढ़िवादी मान्यताओं का विरोध करते हुए सत्य, प्रेम, सद्गुरु-भक्ति और आत्मज्ञान पर आधारित आध्यात्मिक जीवन का प्रतिपादन किया। उनके साहित्य में ब्रह्म, जीव, माया, मोक्ष, सद्गुरु, सतनाम तथा अवतारवाद जैसी दार्शनिक अवधारणाओं का गहन विवेचन प्राप्त होता है। संत दरिया साहब ने मोक्ष को मानव जीवन का परम पुरुषार्थ माना है तथा उसकी प्राप्ति के लिए सद्गुरु की शरण, आत्मज्ञान, निष्काम भक्ति, प्रेम तथा वैराग्य को आवश्यक बताया है। उनके अनुसार मोक्ष केवल मृत्यु के पश्चात प्राप्त होने वाली स्थिति नहीं, बल्कि जीवन-मुक्ति के रूप में जीवित अवस्था में भी अनुभव किया जा सकता है। दूसरी ओर, यद्यपि वे निर्गुण संत परम्परा से सम्बद्ध हैं, तथापि उनकी वाणी में अवतारवाद का एक विशिष्ट एवं समन्वयवादी स्वरूप दिखाई देता है। उन्होंने राम और कृष्ण जैसे अवतारों को परमब्रह्म की ज्योति का प्रतीक मानते हुए उनकी आध्यात्मिक व्याख्या प्रस्तुत की है। इस प्रकार उनका अवतारवाद पारम्परिक पौराणिक अवधारणा से भिन्न होकर आध्यात्मिक एवं दार्शनिक स्वरूप ग्रहण कर लेता है। Keywords: संत दरिया साहब, मोक्ष-दर्शन, अवतारवाद, निर्गुण भक्ति, सद्गुरु, सतनाम, जीवन-मुक्ति, आत्मज्ञान।
Forest Fires in Uttarakhand: Sociological Implications and the Potential of Pirul-Based Livelihood Interventions
Forest fires have become one of the most significant environmental challenges in the Himalayan state of Uttarakhand. The increasing frequency and intensity of forest fires have generated serious ecological, economic, and social consequences. A major factor contributing to these fires is the accumulation of chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) needles, locally known as pirul, which are highly inflammable due to their resin content. While considerable research has focused on the ecological aspects of forest fires, comparatively less attention has been paid to their sociological implications. The present paper examines the relationship between forest fires, pirul accumulation, and rural society in Uttarakhand using secondary data. The study explores the causes and consequences of forest fires and analyses the potential of pirul utilization as a strategy for both forest fire mitigation and rural livelihood enhancement. The findings suggest that forest fires adversely affect rural livelihoods, public health, biodiversity, and community well-being. Simultaneously, the productive utilization of pirul through biomass energy generation, handicrafts, and fiber-based products presents opportunities for employment generation, women’s empowerment, and community participation in forest conservation. The paper argues that integrating local communities into forest fire management policies can transform an environmental hazard into a sustainable development opportunity.
Biopiracy and GMOS in India: Legal Imperatives for Protecting Traditional Knowledge under Patent Law
Biopiracy and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have emerged as significant challenges in the interface between intellectual property rights, biodiversity conservation, and traditional knowledge protection in India. The commercialization of biological resources and indigenous knowledge by multinational corporations has raised concerns regarding unauthorized patenting and inequitable benefit-sharing. India, endowed with rich biodiversity and diverse traditional knowledge systems, has witnessed several instances where patents were sought over products and practices long known to local communities. This paper critically examines the legal framework governing biopiracy and GMOs in India, with particular emphasis on patent law, the Biological Diversity Act, and the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL). It evaluates the effectiveness of existing legal safeguards in preventing misappropriation of traditional knowledge and ensuring community rights. The study further explores policy reforms necessary to strengthen protection mechanisms while balancing innovation, sustainable development, and farmers’ interests.
Tracing the Growth of Indian English Literature: A Review of Major Writers and Works
Indian English Literature has developed from a marginal literary tradition during the colonial period into a globally recognized body of writing. It reflects India's historical transformations, cultural diversity, social complexities, and evolving national identity. The use of English as a literary medium enabled Indian writer to engage with both local and international audiences while expressing distinctly Indian experiences. This paper traces the historical growth of Indian English Literature from its beginnings in the nineteenth century to its contemporary global prominence. It reviews the contributions of major writers such as Mulk Raj Anand, R. K. Narayan, Raja Rao, Kamala Markandaya, Anita Desai, Salman Rushdie, Amitav Ghosh, Arundhati Roy, and Jhumpa Lahiri. The study also examines significant themes including nationalism, colonialism, social inequality, gender, diaspora, and cultural identity. Through an analysis of representative texts, the paper highlights how Indian English Literature has evolved into a dynamic and influential literary tradition that continues to shape global literary discourse.
Feminist Consciousness in the Fiction of Rabindranath Tagore: A Critical Study
Rabindranath Tagore occupies a unique position in Indian literary history as a writer whose works transcend conventional social boundaries and engage deeply with questions of human freedom, identity, and gender relations. At a time when women in colonial India were subjected to various forms of social and cultural oppression, Tagore presented female characters who challenged patriarchal norms and sought intellectual, emotional, and social autonomy. This paper critically examines feminist consciousness in Tagore’s fiction through a textual analysis of selected novels and novellas, including Chokher Bali, Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World), Nastanirh (The Broken Nest), and Jogajog. The study argues that Tagore’s representation of women anticipated many concerns of modern feminist thought, particularly regarding selfhood, agency, education, and resistance to patriarchal authority. Although Tagore cannot be categorized as a feminist theorist in the contemporary sense, his literary vision significantly contributed to the evolution of feminist discourse in Indian literature.
Captain Lakshmi Sahgal's Contribution to the Indian National Army and India's Freedom Struggle
The Indian National Army (INA) played a significant role in strengthening India's freedom struggle. Under the dynamic leadership of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, the Indian National Army encouraged the active participation of women alongside men in the independence movement. One of Netaji's most remarkable initiatives was the establishment of the Rani Jhansi Regiment, the first women's military unit of the Indian National Army, which was led by Captain Lakshmi Sahgal. The life of Captain Lakshmi Sahgal is an exemplary illustration of courage, patriotism, and dedication to social justice. Inspired by the nationalist movement as a young medical student, she later gained recognition as the leading figure of the Rani Jhansi Regiment and emerged as a symbol of women's empowerment in India's freedom struggle. After independence, she resumed her medical practice in Kanpur and selflessly served refugees, workers, and the underprivileged sections of society. Her commitment to public service continued even after independence. She actively worked for women's rights, social justice, gender equality, and democratic values through the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and the All India Democratic Women's Association (AIDWA). The present research paper analyzes her role in the Indian National Army, her contribution to the freedom movement, and her lasting impact on Indian society and nationalist movements. Abstract in Hindi Language: भारतीय राष्ट्रीय सेना (आई.एन.ए.) ने भारत के स्वतंत्रता संग्राम को सुदृढ़ बनाने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई। नेताजी सुभाष चन्द्र बोस के गतिशील नेतृत्व में भारतीय राष्ट्रीय सेना ने स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन में पुरुषों के साथ-साथ महिलाओं की सक्रिय भागीदारी को भी प्रोत्साहित किया। नेताजी की सबसे उल्लेखनीय पहलों में से एक रानी झाँसी रेजिमेंट की स्थापना थी, जो भारतीय राष्ट्रीय सेना की प्रथम महिला सैन्य इकाई थी और जिसका नेतृत्व कैप्टन लक्ष्मी सहगल ने किया। कैप्टन लक्ष्मी सहगल का जीवन साहस, राष्ट्रभक्ति तथा सामाजिक न्याय के प्रति समर्पण का अनुपम उदाहरण है। एक युवा चिकित्सा छात्रा के रूप में राष्ट्रवादी आंदोलन से प्रेरित होकर उन्होंने आगे चलकर रानी झाँसी रेजिमेंट की प्रमुख नेता के रूप में ख्याति प्राप्त की तथा भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम में महिला सशक्तिकरण की प्रतीक बनकर उभरीं। स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति के पश्चात उन्होंने कानपुर में पुनः चिकित्सा सेवा प्रारम्भ की और शरणार्थियों, श्रमिकों तथा समाज के वंचित वर्गों की निःस्वार्थ भाव से सेवा की। लोकसेवा के प्रति उनका समर्पण स्वतंत्रता के बाद भी निरंतर बना रहा। उन्होंने भारतीय कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (मार्क्सवादी) तथा अखिल भारतीय जनवादी महिला समिति (AIDWA) के माध्यम से महिलाओं के अधिकारों, सामाजिक न्याय, लैंगिक समानता तथा लोकतांत्रिक मूल्यों के लिए सक्रिय रूप से कार्य किया। प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्र में भारतीय राष्ट्रीय सेना में उनकी भूमिका, स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन में उनके योगदान तथा भारतीय समाज और राष्ट्रवादी आंदोलनों पर उनके स्थायी प्रभाव का विश्लेषण किया गया है। Keywords: लक्ष्मी सहगल, भारतीय राष्ट्रीय सेना, रानी झाँसी रेजिमेंट, सुभाष चन्द्र बोस, महिला सहभागिता
Human Creativity vs Generative AI: A Comparative Study in Content Creation
The present study examined the comparative role of human creativity and Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) in content creation. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of human-generated and AI-generated content in terms of originality, authenticity, emotional depth, quality, efficiency, and audience engagement. A descriptive and comparative research design was adopted, and primary data were collected from 120 respondents through a structured questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale. Secondary data were gathered from scholarly articles, journals, books, and industry reports related to creativity and artificial intelligence. The collected data were analyzed using frequency distribution, percentage analysis, mean scores, standard deviation, and comparative analysis. The findings revealed that respondents perceived human-created content as superior in originality, emotional intelligence, authenticity, and contextual understanding. In contrast, Generative AI was found to be highly effective in improving efficiency, accelerating idea generation, and maintaining consistency in content production. The study further indicated that a collaborative approach combining human creativity and AI capabilities produced the most effective content outcomes. The research concluded that Generative AI served as a valuable creative support tool but could not fully replace the unique cognitive and emotional attributes of human creativity. Therefore, the future of content creation was found to depend on the integration of human expertise and AI-driven innovation.
Urban Challenges and Sustainable Strategies in India
The urban locations of India are undergoing an unprecedented transformation which is driven by rapid population growth, economic aspirations and infrastructural expansion. The strain on resources that include water, land, air and energy has already reached critical levels and this crisis is going to worsen as cities continue to expand to accommodate over 600 million urban dwellers by 2030. This study aims to examine urban expansion and resource scarcity arguing that conventional models of urban development are increasingly unsustainable in the face of climate change, ecological degradation and socio-economic inequality. Unplanned land-use change, groundwater depletion, waste accumulation, and energy inefficiency threaten long-term urban resilience. If the current expansion that prioritizes growth over ecological balance has to be realigned with sustainable urbanization rooted in circular economy principles, inclusive governance, and climate-responsive infrastructure. The study offers policy recommendations for integrated urban resource management, green infrastructure investment, and adaptive capacity building by aligning urban development with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). There is critical need for a paradigm shift from reactive urban expansion to proactive sustainability planning which is essential for realizing the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047.
Impact of Online Reviews and Ratings on Consumer Buying Behaviour in the Electronics Market
The rapid growth of e-commerce and digital platforms has significantly transformed consumer purchasing behaviour in the electronics market. Online reviews and ratings have emerged as critical sources of information that influence consumers during the decision-making process. Before purchasing electronic products such as smartphones, laptops, smart televisions, and wearable devices, consumers frequently rely on reviews and ratings provided by previous users to evaluate product quality, reliability, and performance. Positive reviews and higher ratings enhance consumer confidence and purchase intentions, whereas negative reviews may discourage potential buyers. This study examines the impact of online reviews and ratings on consumer buying behaviour in the electronics market. The research explores how digital word-of-mouth influences consumer trust, product evaluation, purchase intentions, and brand perception. The study further identifies the role of review credibility, review volume, and rating scores in shaping consumer decisions. The findings indicate that online reviews and ratings play a significant role in reducing information asymmetry and influencing consumer purchasing decisions in the electronics sector.
Electoral Uniformity and Federal Diversity: Analysing the One Nation, One Election Debate in India
The proposal of “One Nation, One Election” (ONOE) has emerged as a significant electoral reform initiative in India, aiming to synchronize elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. The primary objective of the proposal is to reduce the frequency of elections, lower electoral expenditure, improve administrative efficiency, and minimize governance disruptions caused by the repeated enforcement of the Model Code of Conduct. India successfully conducted simultaneous elections between 1951 and 1967; however, political instability and premature dissolution of legislatures subsequently disrupted this electoral cycle. The recent Constitution (129th Amendment) Bill, 2024 seeks to revive the system through necessary constitutional and institutional reforms. Despite its proposed benefits, ONOE has generated considerable debate regarding its implications for India’s federal structure and democratic governance. Supporters view it as a mechanism to enhance policy continuity, administrative effectiveness, and electoral efficiency. Conversely, critics argue that synchronized elections may strengthen national political narratives at the expense of regional issues, potentially weakening the autonomy and political significance of state governments.
Environmental and Socio-Economic Impact of Illegal Mining in the Aravalli Region of Kishangarh Bas Tehsil
The Aravalli Range is one of the oldest geological formations in India and plays a crucial role in maintaining environmental balance, groundwater recharge, biodiversity conservation, and the prevention of desertification in north-western India. Kishangarh Bas Tehsil, located in the Khairthal-Tijara district of Rajasthan, falls within the influence zone of the Aravalli Range, where mining activities have been carried out for a long time due to the availability of mineral resources. In recent years, increasing demand for minerals, rapid industrialization, and the expansion of the National Capital Region (NCR) have led to a significant rise in illegal mining activities in the area. During the period 2015–2020, a total of 48,486 cases of illegal mining, transportation, and storage were recorded in Rajasthan. Furthermore, between 2020 and 2025, more than 27,000 cases related to illegal mining were registered in the Aravalli region. Using GIS and Remote Sensing technologies, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) identified 122 illegal mining sites covering an area of 83.25 hectares. The present study aims to analyze the environmental and socio-economic impacts arising from illegal mining activities in Kishangarh Bas Tehsil. Abstract in Hindi Language: अरावली पर्वतमाला भारत की प्राचीनतम भूवैज्ञानिक संरचनाओं में से एक है, जो उत्तर-पश्चिम भारत के पर्यावरणीय संतुलन, भूजल पुनर्भरण, जैव विविधता संरक्षण तथा मरुस्थलीकरण की रोकथाम में अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती है। राजस्थान के खैरथल-तिजारा जिले की किशनगढ़ बास तहसील अरावली पर्वतमाला के प्रभाव क्षेत्र में स्थित है, जहाँ खनिज संसाधनों की उपलब्धता के कारण लंबे समय से खनन गतिविधियाँ संचालित होती रही हैं। विगत वर्षों में खनिजों की बढ़ती मांग, तीव्र औद्योगीकरण तथा राष्ट्रीय राजधानी क्षेत्र (NCR) के विस्तार के परिणामस्वरूप क्षेत्र में अवैध खनन गतिविधियों में उल्लेखनीय वृद्धि हुई है। राजस्थान में वर्ष 2015–20 के दौरान अवैध खनन, परिवहन एवं भंडारण के 48,486 मामले दर्ज किए गए, जबकि वर्ष 2020 से 2025 के मध्य अरावली क्षेत्र में 27,000 से अधिक अवैध खनन संबंधी मामलों का पंजीकरण किया गया। CAG द्वारा GIS एवं Remote Sensing तकनीकों के माध्यम से 122 अवैध खनन स्थलों तथा 83.25 हेक्टेयर अवैध खनन क्षेत्र की पहचान की गई। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन का उद्देश्य किशनगढ़ बास तहसील में अवैध खनन से उत्पन्न पर्यावरणीय एवं सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रभावों का विश्लेषण करना है। Keywords: अरावली पर्वतमाला, किशनगढ़ बास, अवैध खनन, पर्यावरणीय क्षरण, सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रभाव, सतत विकास।
Reading Mahasweta Devi's "Stanadayini" (Breast-Giver) in the Light of Gayatri Spivak's Theory of the Subaltern
This paper critically examines Mahasweta Devi's short story "Stanadayini" ("Breast-Giver") through the theoretical framework of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's concept of the subaltern. While Spivak's seminal essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" (1988) articulates the structural impossibility of subaltern consciousness achieving authentic expression within dominant discursive frameworks, her subsequent translation of and critical engagement with Devi's fiction presents a paradoxical case: the subaltern appears to speak, yet the terms of that speaking remain mediated by the intellectual's representational labor. This paper argues that Jashoda, the professional wet-nurse protagonist of "Breast-Giver," occupies a subaltern position that is multiply determined by class, gender, caste, and the ideological construction of motherhood within Hindu patriarchy. Through close textual analysis of Devi's narrative strategies and Spivak's translational interventions, the paper demonstrates how the story stages the very impossibilities of representation that Spivak theorizes, while simultaneously enacting a literary subaltern speech that refuses quietism. The analysis reveals that "Breast-Giver" does not simply present a subaltern voice but rather performs the structural conditions that simultaneously enable and disable that voice, thereby offering a literary instantiation of Spivak's theoretical paradox.
The Digital Communication Revolution and the Contemporary Landscape of Hindi Literary Journalism
In the contemporary era, digital media has brought significant transformations in the form, structure, and functioning of Hindi literary journalism. Moving beyond traditional print-based journalism, literature is now acquiring new global dimensions through digital platforms, web magazines, blogs, and social media. While digital media has made literary expression more democratic, accessible, and far-reaching, it has also created new challenges concerning editorial control, linguistic purity, content authenticity, and literary quality. The possibilities for direct interaction between writers and readers have increased considerably, and the integration of audio-visual media has made literary journalism multidimensional in nature. This study highlights the fact that in the digital age, Hindi literary journalism is no longer merely a medium of information dissemination; rather, it has emerged as an influential platform for cultural dialogue, intellectual exchange, and social awareness. Abstract in Hindi Language: वर्तमान समय में डिजिटल मीडिया ने हिंदी साहित्यिक पत्रकारिता के स्वरूप, संरचना और कार्यप्रणाली में व्यापक परिवर्तन उत्पन्न किए हैं। मुद्रण आधारित पारंपरिक पत्रकारिता से आगे बढ़ते हुए साहित्य अब डिजिटल मंचों, वेब पत्रिकाओं, ब्लॉगों तथा सोशल मीडिया के माध्यम से नए वैश्विक आयाम प्राप्त कर रहा है। डिजिटल माध्यमों ने जहाँ साहित्यिक अभिव्यक्ति को अधिक लोकतांत्रिक, व्यापक और सहज बनाया है, वहीं संपादकीय नियंत्रण, भाषा की शुद्धता, सामग्री की प्रामाणिकता तथा साहित्यिक गुणवत्ता के समक्ष नई चुनौतियाँ भी उत्पन्न की हैं। लेखक और पाठक के बीच प्रत्यक्ष संवाद की संभावनाएँ बढ़ी हैं तथा दृश्य-श्रव्य माध्यमों के समावेश से साहित्यिक पत्रकारिता का स्वरूप बहुआयामी बन गया है। यह अध्ययन इस तथ्य को रेखांकित करता है कि डिजिटल युग में हिंदी साहित्यिक पत्रकारिता केवल सूचना प्रसारण का माध्यम नहीं रह गई, बल्कि यह सांस्कृतिक संवाद, वैचारिक आदान-प्रदान और सामाजिक चेतना का प्रभावशाली मंच बन चुकी है। Keywords: डिजिटल मीडिया, पत्रकारिता, वेब पत्रिकाएँ, सोशल मीडिया, मल्टीमीडिया, हाइपरलिंक, डिजिटल पत्रकारिता।
The Role of Hindi at the Global Level: Current Scenario and Future Prospects
Hindi is no longer confined to being merely the official language or a link language of India; rather, it is establishing a strong identity at the global level. Globalization, information technology, the communication revolution, the Indian diaspora, and the influence of Hindi cinema have provided Hindi with new international recognition. Today, Hindi is spoken, studied, and understood in many countries around the world. Hindi is being taught and researched in various universities and educational institutions worldwide, and a continuous expansion of Hindi content can be observed across digital platforms. Social media, the internet, online education, and technological platforms have accelerated the promotion and dissemination of Hindi. Indian culture, yoga, Ayurveda, and the entertainment industry have also played significant roles in the global expansion of Hindi. Furthermore, India's growing economic and cultural influence has enhanced the importance of Hindi on the world stage. Although Hindi faces challenges such as the dominance of English, the lack of adequate technical terminology, and limited acceptance in international institutions, its prospects remain highly promising and extensive. Abstract in Hindi Language: हिंदी आज केवल भारत की राजभाषा या संपर्क भाषा तक सीमित नहीं रही है, बल्कि यह विश्व स्तर पर अपनी सशक्त पहचान स्थापित कर रही है। वैश्वीकरण, सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी, संचार क्रांति, प्रवासी भारतीय समुदाय तथा हिंदी सिनेमा के प्रभाव ने हिंदी को अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर नई प्रतिष्ठा प्रदान की है। वर्तमान समय में हिंदी विश्व के अनेक देशों में बोली, पढ़ी और समझी जा रही है। विश्व के विभिन्न विश्वविद्यालयों एवं शैक्षणिक संस्थानों में हिंदी का अध्ययन-अध्यापन हो रहा है तथा डिजिटल माध्यमों पर हिंदी सामग्री का निरंतर विस्तार देखा जा रहा है। सोशल मीडिया, इंटरनेट, ऑनलाइन शिक्षा और तकनीकी प्लेटफॉर्मों ने हिंदी के प्रचार-प्रसार को नई गति प्रदान की है। हिंदी के वैश्विक विस्तार में भारतीय संस्कृति, योग, आयुर्वेद तथा मनोरंजन उद्योग की भी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका रही है। साथ ही, भारत की बढ़ती आर्थिक और सांस्कृतिक शक्ति ने हिंदी के महत्व को और अधिक बढ़ाया है। यद्यपि हिंदी के समक्ष अंग्रेज़ी का प्रभुत्व, तकनीकी शब्दावली की कमी तथा अंतरराष्ट्रीय संस्थाओं में सीमित स्वीकृति जैसी चुनौतियाँ विद्यमान हैं, फिर भी इसकी संभावनाएँ अत्यंत व्यापक हैं। Keywords: हिंदी, वैश्वीकरण, विश्वभाषा, प्रवासी भारतीय, हिंदी साहित्य, सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी।
A Critical Analysis of the Major Trends of New Poetry
New Poetry is an important and influential stream of modern poetic consciousness in Hindi literature, which gave voice to the realities of modern life by departing from traditional poetic sensibilities and conventional modes of expression. This poetic movement was deeply inspired by the political, social, economic, and cultural conditions of post-independence Indian society. The complexities of modern civilization, the disintegration of human values, social contradictions, and the mechanical lifestyle generated loneliness, pain, despair, and existential crises within individuals, which New Poetry expressed in a highly sensitive and artistic manner. New Poetry presents a comprehensive portrayal of various aspects such as the inner consciousness of the individual, psychological conflicts, hedonistic tendencies, realism, individuality, complexity, and faith and trust in life. The new poets not only expressed the struggles, tensions, and ironies of modern life but also gave voice to the human emotions and hopes embedded within them. The present research paper critically and analytically examines the major trends of New Poetry. Abstract in Hindi Language: नई कविता हिंदी साहित्य की आधुनिक काव्यचेतना की एक महत्त्वपूर्ण और प्रभावशाली धारा है, जिसने परंपरागत काव्य-संवेदना एवं रूढ़ अभिव्यक्ति-शैली से हटकर आधुनिक जीवन के यथार्थ को स्वर प्रदान किया। यह काव्यधारा स्वतंत्रता-उत्तर भारतीय समाज की राजनीतिक, सामाजिक, आर्थिक तथा सांस्कृतिक परिस्थितियों से गहरे रूप में अनुप्राणित रही। आधुनिक सभ्यता की जटिलताओं, मानवीय मूल्यों के विघटन, सामाजिक विसंगतियों तथा यांत्रिक जीवन-शैली ने मनुष्य के अंतर्मन में जो अकेलापन, पीड़ा, निराशा और अस्तित्वगत संकट उत्पन्न किए, नई कविता ने उन्हें अत्यंत संवेदनात्मक और कलात्मक रूप में अभिव्यक्ति दी। नई कविता में व्यक्ति की आंतरिक चेतना, मानसिक द्वंद्व, भोगवादी प्रवृत्तियाँ, यथार्थ-बोध, वैयक्तिकता, दुरूहता तथा जीवन के प्रति आस्था और विश्वास जैसे विविध पक्षों का समन्वित चित्रण मिलता है। नये कवियों ने आधुनिक जीवन के संघर्षों, तनावों और विडंबनाओं को केवल अभिव्यक्त ही नहीं किया, बल्कि उनके भीतर निहित मानवीय संवेदनाओं और आशाओं को भी स्वर प्रदान किया। प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्र में नई कविता की प्रमुख प्रवृत्तियों का समीक्षात्मक एवं विश्लेषणात्मक अध्ययन किया गया है। Keywords: नई कविता, यथार्थवाद, निराशा, वेदना, भोगवाद, दुरूहता, वैयक्तिकता, आस्था।
Characteristics of Major Forest Products and Medicinal Herbs of the Thar Region of Rajasthan
The Thar Desert of Rajasthan, though characterized by extreme climatic conditions such as low rainfall, high temperatures, and sandy soils, supports a rich diversity of forest resources and medicinal plant species. The vegetation of the region has developed unique ecological adaptations that enable survival under arid and semi-arid environmental conditions. These forest products and medicinal herbs play a significant role in sustaining rural livelihoods, preserving biodiversity, supporting traditional healthcare systems, and maintaining ecological balance in the desert ecosystem. Important species such as Prosopis cineraria (Khejri), Tecomella undulata (Rohida), Commiphora wightii (Guggul), and Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) possess considerable economic, medicinal, and ecological importance. The present study focuses on the major forest products and medicinal herbs of the Thar region, highlighting their characteristics, adaptive mechanisms, economic utility, and therapeutic significance.
Contribution of Libraries to Women's Empowerment: A Study
In the present knowledge-based and information-driven society, libraries are no longer merely centers for the collection and preservation of books; rather, they have emerged as effective instruments of social change, public awareness, educational expansion, and empowerment. Particularly in the context of women's empowerment, the role of libraries is considered highly significant, as women have long faced issues such as social inequality, illiteracy, economic dependence, lack of information, and the digital divide. In such circumstances, libraries help women become self-reliant, aware, and empowered by providing equal access to knowledge, information, education, and technological resources. Women's empowerment does not merely imply granting rights to women; it also involves enabling them socially, educationally, economically, politically, and intellectually so that they can make independent decisions regarding their lives. In this direction, libraries function as important social institutions. Public libraries, community libraries, school and college libraries, and digital libraries provide women with information related to education, health, employment, legal rights, government schemes, and skill development. Furthermore, libraries help cultivate reading habits among women, enhance digital literacy, and promote lifelong learning. Libraries are particularly beneficial for rural and marginalized women, as they provide opportunities to access education and information despite limited resources. In today's digital age, e-libraries, internet services, online learning platforms, and information technology-based services are making significant contributions to women's knowledge enhancement and economic self-reliance. Through libraries, women can obtain information related to self-employment, entrepreneurship, health awareness, and government schemes, thereby connecting themselves with the mainstream of society. This research paper, under the title “The Role of Libraries in Women's Empowerment: An Analytical Study,” analyzes the educational, social, cultural, and technological roles of libraries. The study also evaluates the efforts made by libraries in promoting personality development, building self-confidence, enhancing digital inclusion, and increasing social participation among women. Additionally, the paper highlights the challenges faced by libraries, such as lack of financial resources, absence of libraries in rural areas, inadequate technological infrastructure, and lack of awareness. Finally, the study emphasizes the need for the expansion of library services, availability of digital facilities, appointment of trained library personnel, and governmental and social support to make women's empowerment more effective. Thus, it becomes evident that libraries are not merely centers of information but also powerful instruments for women's empowerment, social equality, and inclusive development. By ensuring equal access to knowledge and information, libraries play a vital role in making women self-reliant, informed, and empowered citizens. Abstract in Hindi Language: वर्तमान ज्ञान-आधारित एवं सूचना-प्रधान समाज में पुस्तकालय केवल पुस्तकों के संग्रहण एवं संरक्षण के केंद्र नहीं रह गए हैं, बल्कि वे सामाजिक परिवर्तन, जन-जागरूकता, शिक्षा विस्तार तथा सशक्तिकरण के प्रभावी माध्यम के रूप में उभरकर सामने आए हैं। विशेष रूप से महिला सशक्तिकरण के संदर्भ में पुस्तकालयों की भूमिका अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण मानी जाती है, क्योंकि महिलाएँ लंबे समय से सामाजिक असमानता, अशिक्षा, आर्थिक निर्भरता, सूचना के अभाव तथा डिजिटल विभाजन जैसी समस्याओं का सामना करती रही हैं। ऐसे में पुस्तकालय महिलाओं को ज्ञान, सूचना, शिक्षा एवं तकनीकी संसाधनों तक समान पहुँच प्रदान करके उन्हें आत्मनिर्भर, जागरूक एवं सशक्त बनाने का कार्य करते हैं। महिला सशक्तिकरण का आशय केवल महिलाओं को अधिकार प्रदान करना नहीं है, बल्कि उन्हें सामाजिक, शैक्षिक, आर्थिक, राजनीतिक एवं बौद्धिक रूप से सक्षम बनाना भी है, ताकि वे अपने जीवन से संबंधित निर्णय स्वयं लेने में समर्थ हो सकें। इस दिशा में पुस्तकालय एक महत्वपूर्ण सामाजिक संस्था के रूप में कार्य करते हैं। सार्वजनिक पुस्तकालय, सामुदायिक पुस्तकालय, विद्यालय एवं महाविद्यालय पुस्तकालय तथा डिजिटल पुस्तकालय महिलाओं को शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, रोजगार, विधिक अधिकार, सरकारी योजनाओं एवं कौशल विकास संबंधी जानकारी उपलब्ध कराते हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त पुस्तकालय महिलाओं में पठन-पाठन की रुचि विकसित करने, डिजिटल साक्षरता बढ़ाने तथा आजीवन अधिगम को प्रोत्साहित करने में भी सहायक सिद्ध होते हैं। ग्रामीण एवं वंचित वर्ग की महिलाओं के लिए पुस्तकालय विशेष रूप से लाभकारी हैं, क्योंकि ये उन्हें सीमित संसाधनों के बीच शिक्षा एवं सूचना प्राप्त करने का अवसर प्रदान करते हैं। आज के डिजिटल युग में ई-पुस्तकालय, इंटरनेट सेवाएँ, ऑनलाइन शिक्षा मंच एवं सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी आधारित सेवाएँ महिलाओं के ज्ञान-विस्तार और आर्थिक आत्मनिर्भरता में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान दे रही हैं। पुस्तकालयों के माध्यम से महिलाएँ स्वरोजगार, उद्यमिता, स्वास्थ्य जागरूकता तथा सरकारी योजनाओं से संबंधित जानकारी प्राप्त कर समाज की मुख्यधारा से जुड़ पा रही हैं। यह शोधपत्र “महिला सशक्तिकरण में पुस्तकालयों की भूमिका : एक विश्लेषणात्मक अध्ययन” विषय के अंतर्गत पुस्तकालयों की शैक्षिक, सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक एवं तकनीकी भूमिका का विश्लेषण करता है। साथ ही यह अध्ययन पुस्तकालयों द्वारा महिलाओं के व्यक्तित्व विकास, आत्मविश्वास निर्माण, डिजिटल समावेशन एवं सामाजिक भागीदारी को बढ़ाने में किए जा रहे प्रयासों का मूल्यांकन भी प्रस्तुत करता है। शोधपत्र में पुस्तकालयों के समक्ष उपस्थित चुनौतियों, जैसे—वित्तीय संसाधनों की कमी, ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में पुस्तकालयों का अभाव, तकनीकी अवसंरचना की कमी तथा जागरूकता के अभाव—पर भी प्रकाश डाला गया है। अंततः अध्ययन में महिला सशक्तिकरण को और अधिक प्रभावी बनाने हेतु पुस्तकालय सेवाओं के विस्तार, डिजिटल सुविधाओं की उपलब्धता, प्रशिक्षित पुस्तकालय कर्मियों की नियुक्ति तथा सरकारी एवं सामाजिक सहयोग की आवश्यकता पर बल दिया गया है। इस प्रकार यह स्पष्ट होता है कि पुस्तकालय केवल सूचना के केंद्र नहीं, बल्कि महिला सशक्तिकरण, सामाजिक समानता एवं समावेशी विकास के सशक्त माध्यम हैं। ज्ञान और सूचना तक समान पहुँच सुनिश्चित करके पुस्तकालय महिलाओं को आत्मनिर्भर, जागरूक एवं सशक्त नागरिक बनाने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं। Keywords: महिला सशक्तिकरण, पुस्तकालय, सूचना साक्षरता, डिजिटल साक्षरता, सार्वजनिक पुस्तकालय, ग्रामीण महिलाएँ, ज्ञान समाज
Study of the Impact of Education on Women Empowerment
Women empowerment is an important foundation for the overall development of any society. Education plays a major role in making women self-reliant, aware, and socially, economically, and politically capable. In the present time, education is no longer just a means of acquiring knowledge, but it has become an effective tool for making women aware of their rights and developing their decision-making abilities. Educated women actively contribute to the development of the family, society, and nation. They are more aware of health, nutrition, employment, family planning, and children’s education. Education increases women’s self-confidence and gives them the strength to raise their voice against social evils, discrimination, and violence. Through education, women become economically independent and capable of making important decisions related to their lives on their own. The expansion of women’s education in rural and urban areas has brought positive changes in the social status of women. Abstract in Hindi Language: महिला सशक्तिकरण किसी भी समाज के समग्र विकास का महत्वपूर्ण आधार है। शिक्षा महिलाओं को आत्मनिर्भर, जागरूक तथा सामाजिक, आर्थिक और राजनीतिक रूप से सक्षम बनाने में प्रमुख भूमिका निभाती है। वर्तमान समय में शिक्षा केवल ज्ञान प्राप्त करने का माध्यम नहीं रह गई है, बल्कि यह महिलाओं को अपने अधिकारों के प्रति जागरूक करने तथा निर्णय लेने की क्षमता विकसित करने का प्रभावी साधन बन चुकी है। शिक्षित महिलाएँ परिवार, समाज और राष्ट्र के विकास में सक्रिय योगदान देती हैं। वे स्वास्थ्य, पोषण, रोजगार, परिवार नियोजन तथा बच्चों की शिक्षा के प्रति अधिक जागरूक होती हैं। शिक्षा महिलाओं के आत्मविश्वास को बढ़ाती है तथा उन्हें सामाजिक कुरीतियों, भेदभाव और हिंसा के विरुद्ध आवाज उठाने की शक्ति प्रदान करती है। इसके माध्यम से महिलाएँ आर्थिक रूप से स्वतंत्र बनती हैं और अपने जीवन से जुड़े महत्वपूर्ण निर्णय स्वयं लेने में सक्षम होती हैं। ग्रामीण एवं शहरी क्षेत्रों में महिला शिक्षा के विस्तार ने महिलाओं की सामाजिक स्थिति में सकारात्मक परिवर्तन लाया है। Keywords: महिला सशक्तिकरण, शिक्षा, महिला अधिकार, आत्मनिर्भरता, सामाजिक विकास, आर्थिक स्वतंत्रता, लैंगिक समानता, जागरूकता।
An Analysis of the Role of Senior Citizens' Usage of Unified Payment Interface in India’s Transition towards a Cashless Economy
India is a fast-growing economy with a large population evenly distributed across all age categories. Recent studies show the fast-growing usage of the Unified Payment Interface (UPI) for most mundane financial transactions. Easy availability of money and technology, along with growing retailing, has enabled many UPI players to enter the Indian sub-continent. This study attempts to analyse the role of senior citizens' usage of UPI in India’s transition towards a cashless economy. This study is ethnography in nature, as the respondents are elderly citizens and would resist disclosing their financial behaviour. The demographic profile is analysed thematically. The themes included demography, economical and value & trust. The age of the respondents and their emotional reaction were analysed using chi-square. The result showed no association between the two variables, with a score of 0.057. The study proposes subsidies in service taxes on the use of UPI for senior citizens, customisation on the usage of UPI, designing smartphones to facilitate the needs of senior citizens, awareness on the procedures for lodging complaints with cybersecurity and providing dedicated cybersecurity helplines to senior citizens.
The Culmination of Karuna Rasa in the Plays of Bhavabhuti
Bhavabhuti is counted among those great dramatists of Sanskrit literature whose works display the unique culmination of Karuna Rasa. While Kalidasa is considered the poet of Shringara, Bhavabhuti is called the poet of compassion. In his plays—Malatimadhava, Uttararamacharita, and Mahaviracharita—there is such a portrayal of human suffering, separation, struggle, and emotions that deeply touches the hearts of both readers and audiences. The purpose of this research paper is to analyze the expression and culmination of Karuna Rasa in Bhavabhuti’s plays. According to the Natyashastra, Karuna Rasa arises from the emotions of sorrow and compassion and awakens human sensitivity. Bhavabhuti has presented Karuna Rasa in his plays not only on an emotional level but also on philosophical and social levels. In Uttararamacharita, the separation of Rama and Sita, the pain of abandoning one’s son, and Janaka’s pathetic dialogue; in Malatimadhava, Malati’s abduction and Madhava’s struggle; and in Mahaviracharita, the struggles in the hero’s life—all these episodes are excellent examples of the culmination of Karuna Rasa. Bhavabhuti’s language and style play a special role in the expression of Karuna Rasa. In his works, one finds a wonderful combination of the seriousness of Sanskrit, the depth of emotional sensitivity, and human compassion. He does not limit compassion only to personal suffering but elevates it to the social and universal level. This is the reason why his plays remain relevant even today and prove helpful in the development of empathy and sensitivity in modern society. This research paper will discuss in detail the theoretical basis of Karuna Rasa (the interpretations of Bharata Muni and Abhinavagupta), the expression of Karuna Rasa in Bhavabhuti’s plays, the comparative perspective of Kalidasa and Bhavabhuti, and the social and philosophical importance of Karuna Rasa. In conclusion, it can be said that Bhavabhuti gave Karuna Rasa the highest place in the Sanskrit dramatic tradition, and his works are an invaluable heritage of the literary culmination of compassion. Abstract in Hindi Language: भवभूति संस्कृत साहित्य के उन महान नाटककारों में गिने जाते हैं जिनकी कृतियों में करुण रस का अद्वितीय उत्कर्ष दृष्टिगोचर होता है। जहाँ कालिदास को शृंगार का कवि माना जाता है, वहीं भवभूति को करुणा का कवि कहा जाता है। उनके नाटकों—मालतीमाधव, उत्तररामचरित और महावीरचरित—में मानवीय जीवन की पीड़ा, विरह, संघर्ष और संवेदनाओं का ऐसा चित्रण मिलता है जो पाठक और दर्शक दोनों के हृदय को गहराई से स्पर्श करता है। इस शोध-पत्र का उद्देश्य भवभूति के नाटकों में करुण रस की अभिव्यक्ति और उसके उत्कर्ष का विश्लेषण करना है। करुण रस, नाट्यशास्त्र के अनुसार, शोक और दया की भावनाओं से उत्पन्न होता है और मानव जीवन की संवेदनशीलता को जागृत करता है। भवभूति ने अपने नाटकों में करुण रस को केवल भावनात्मक स्तर पर ही नहीं, बल्कि दार्शनिक और सामाजिक स्तर पर भी प्रस्तुत किया है। उत्तररामचरित में राम और सीता का विरह, पुत्र त्याग की पीड़ा तथा जनक का करुण संवाद; मालतीमाधव में मालती का अपहरण और माधव का संघर्ष; तथा महावीरचरित में नायक के जीवन-संघर्ष—ये सभी प्रसंग करुण रस के उत्कर्ष के उत्कृष्ट उदाहरण हैं। भवभूति की भाषा और शैली करुण रस की अभिव्यक्ति में विशेष भूमिका निभाती है। उनकी रचनाओं में संस्कृत की गंभीरता, भाव-संवेदन की गहनता और मानवीय करुणा का अद्भुत संगम मिलता है। वे करुणा को केवल व्यक्तिगत पीड़ा तक सीमित नहीं रखते, बल्कि उसे सामाजिक और सार्वभौमिक स्तर पर ले जाते हैं। यही कारण है कि उनके नाटक आज भी प्रासंगिक हैं और आधुनिक समाज में सहानुभूति तथा संवेदनशीलता के विकास में सहायक सिद्ध होते हैं। इस शोध-पत्र में करुण रस के सैद्धांतिक आधार (भरतमुनि और अभिनवगुप्त की व्याख्या), भवभूति के नाटकों में करुण रस की अभिव्यक्ति, कालिदास और भवभूति की तुलनात्मक दृष्टि, तथा करुण रस का सामाजिक और दार्शनिक महत्व का विस्तृत विवेचन किया जाएगा। निष्कर्षतः यह कहा जा सकता है कि भवभूति ने करुण रस को संस्कृत नाट्य परंपरा में सर्वोच्च स्थान दिलाया और उनकी कृतियाँ करुणा के साहित्यिक उत्कर्ष की अमूल्य धरोहर हैं। Keywords: भवभूति, संस्कृत नाटक, करुण रस, नाट्यशास्त्र, उत्तररामचरित, मालतीमाधव
Challenges to Nuclear Arms Control in the Post Cold War Era: Geopolitics, non-compliance, and treaty erosion
Since the end of the Cold War, nuclear arms control has shifted from a relatively stable, bipolar framework centered on U.S.–Soviet/Russian bilateral treaties to a far more contested and fragmented landscape. This paper examines the principal challenges to nuclear arms control in the post Cold War era, focusing on three interrelated dimensions: the impact of changing geopolitics on cooperation, patterns of non compliance and contested verification, and the erosion or stagnation of key treaties and regimes. Drawing on policy analyses, official documents, and scholarly literature, the study traces developments from the early 1990s–characterized by deep reductions and institutional expansion–to the 2010s and 2020s, which have seen withdrawals from the Anti Ballistic Missile (ABM) and Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaties, uncertainty over the future of the New START Treaty, and rising tensions within the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) review process. The paper argues that geopolitical competition among major powers, unresolved regional conflicts, persistent compliance crises, and emerging technologies have undermined confidence in arms control, while normative divisions over disarmament have complicated efforts to renew and adapt existing regimes. It concludes that sustaining nuclear arms control in the coming decades will require reconciling deterrence and disarmament perspectives, revitalizing verification and compliance mechanisms, and developing more inclusive, flexible frameworks suited to a multipolar nuclear order.
The Purpose of Human Life: Existentialism vs. the Theory of Moksha
This research paper presents a comparative analysis of the purpose of human life from the perspectives of Existentialism and the Theory of Moksha. Existentialism, a modern stream of Western philosophy, is based on the principle that “existence precedes essence,” where an individual creates the meaning of life through personal freedom and responsibility, while the universe is considered meaningless or absurd. In contrast, the Indian philosophical concept of Moksha regards liberation from the cycle of birth and death as the ultimate goal, where the eternal nature of the soul is realized through the destruction of ignorance. The paper highlights the fundamental differences between these two perspectives on the basis of freedom, essence, causes of suffering, rebirth, morality, and spirituality. In conclusion, while Existentialism emphasizes finding meaning in this life through “authenticity” and “rebellion,” the Theory of Moksha considers “supreme bliss” and “eternal liberation” as the highest purpose of human existence. This comparison not only enriches philosophical discourse but also offers an integrated perspective for addressing the modern human crisis of meaning. Abstract in Hindi Language: यह शोधपत्र अस्तित्ववाद और मोक्ष सिद्धांत के परिप्रेक्ष्य में मानव जीवन के उद्देश्य का तुलनात्मक विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है। अस्तित्ववाद, जो पाश्चात्य दर्शन की आधुनिक धारा है, ’’अस्तित्व सार से पहले’’ के सिद्धांत पर आधारित है, जहाँ व्यक्ति अपनी स्वतंत्रता और जिम्मेदारी से स्वयं जीवन का अर्थ रचता है, जबकि ब्रह्मांड को निरर्थक (बेतुका) माना जाता है। इसके विपरीत, भारतीय दर्शन का मोक्ष सिद्धांत जन्म-मृत्यु के चक्र से मुक्ति को परम लक्ष्य मानता है, जहाँ आत्मा का शाश्वत स्वरूप अज्ञान के नाश से प्राप्त होता है। लेख में दोनों दृष्टिकोणों के बीच स्वतंत्रता, सार, दुख के कारण, पुनर्जन्म, नैतिकता और आध्यात्मिकता के आधार पर गहन अंतर स्पष्ट किए गए हैं। निष्कर्षतः, जहाँ अस्तित्ववाद ’’प्रामाणिकता’’ और ’’विद्रोह’’ के माध्यम से इसी जीवन में अर्थ खोजने पर बल देता है, वहीं मोक्ष सिद्धांत ’’परमानंद’’ और ’’शाश्वत मुक्ति’’ को मानव जीवन का अंतिम पुरुषार्थ बताता है। यह तुलना न केवल दार्शनिक विमर्श को समृद्ध करती है, बल्कि आधुनिक मनुष्य के अर्थ-संकट के समाधान हेतु एक समन्वित दृष्टि भी प्रदान करती है। Keywords: अस्तित्ववाद, मोक्ष, मानव जीवन का उद्देश्य, स्वतंत्रता, प्रामाणिकता, पुनर्जन्म, कर्म, बेतुकापन, आध्यात्मिकता, मुक्ति।
Convex-Cyclicity and Convex Hulls of Orbits
Subspace convex-cyclicity generalizes the concept of convex-cyclicity, introduced by Rezaei in 2013, by requiring that the convex hull of an operator’s orbit be dense only in a specified closed subspace rather than the entire Banach space. This framework allows for a refined analysis of linear operators, particularly when global convex-cyclicity fails. Key theoretical properties include a Hahn-Banach characterization, relationships with subspace cyclicity, and the allowance of non-invariant subspaces. The convex hull of an orbit, known as an orbitope, forms highly symmetric polytopes or convex bodies under group actions, with fundamental applications in optimization and geometry. This work synthesizes operator-theoretic notions of convex-cyclicity with computational and geometric insights into convex hulls of orbits.
Art as a Bridge to Literacy: Assessing the effectiveness of “Visual Thinking Strategies” (VTS) in improving vocabulary and reading comprehension among early learners
The research problem in this study is to determine the efficacy of Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS) as an arts-based integrated pedagogical strategy to improve vocabulary acquisition and reading comprehension in young learners. Conventional teaching of literacy can be based on text-based approaches that can inhibit interaction and inferential abilities among children. The study will be a quasi-experimental design that will compare the literacy results of the learners who are introduced to VTS-based teaching with the results of learners taught the traditional method. The pre- and post-test data, and classroom observations have shown that VTS is very effective in enhancing vocabulary learning, contextual analysis, and expressive language skills. Moreover, VTS encourages active learning, critical thinking and collaborative learning due to the dialogic and student-centred character of the method. The research is based on the constructivist learning theory and dual coding theory and shows that the combination of visual analysis with verbal articulation increases cognitive processing and understanding. The results indicate that VTS is a useful teaching resource in the early literacy development and has significant implications for curriculum design and teacher training.